{"pack_id":"floods","pack_name":"Floods","pack_version":"1.1.0","title":"Floods","description":"Global major flood events with flood extent, severity, duration, deaths, displacement, and flood impact comparisons from Dartmouth Flood Observatory and related extent layers.","catalog_short_description":"1985 - 2024, 5,503 major flood events worldwide with severity, area, duration, deaths, displacement, main cause, and a flood impact index. CC0.","license":"CC0 1.0 (DFO); CC BY NC 4.0 (Global Flood Database)","material_policy":{"schema_version":"1.2.0","object_kind":"pack","object_id":"floods","policy_source":"build/catalog/license_permission_crosswalk.csv","permission":"free","licenses":["CC0 1.0","CC BY NC 4.0","Public Domain (U.S. Government)"],"resolution_status":"resolved","hosted_access":{"maximum_lane":"free","publication_ready":true,"free_allowed":true,"paid_allowed":false,"reason_codes":["paid_hosted_not_permitted","redistribution_not_permitted"]},"redistribution":{"status":"restricted","allowed":false,"share_alike":"no"},"reuse_obligations":[],"surface_access":{"hosted_results":true,"server_rendered_display":true,"client_geometry":false,"download":false,"blocked_by_source_review":[],"restrictions":[]},"attribution":{"required":true,"status":"resolved","text":"Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0. Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/ Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (U.S. Government work, public domain).","lines":["Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0.","Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (U.S. Government work, public domain)."]},"citation":{"style":"daedalmap-1","entries":[{"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Floods","vintage":"","url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","license":"CC0 1.0"}},{"text":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Floods","vintage":"","url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","license":"CC BY NC 4.0"}},{"text":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Floods. Public Domain (U.S. Government). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","title":"Floods","vintage":"","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)"}}],"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.; Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/.; NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Floods. Public Domain (U.S. Government). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/."},"license_evidence":[{"license":"CC0 1.0","source_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","reviewed_on":"2026-09-05"},{"license":"CC BY NC 4.0","source_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-10"},{"license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)","source_url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html","reviewed_on":"2026-09-10"}],"facts_fingerprint":"692446db5ab1477c5f1ecc7daa3515887199868b571d516e86d295872ad09368","policy_fingerprint":"0086cf8401155fcb3a0e84ac2bfe835e9b83ea05714ffda96f8fc095123db294"},"upstream_sources":[{"source_id":"dfo_global_flood_records","agency":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory","agency_short":"DFO","source_url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","agency_upstream_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19288170","license":"CC0 1.0","rows_contributed":4590,"notes":"Global Flood Records v0.9.0, 1985-2024, with flood extent polygons, fatalities, displaced, severity, main cause, and flood impact index."},{"source_id":"global_flood_database","agency":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory","agency_short":"GFD","source_url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","license":"CC BY NC 4.0","rows_contributed":913,"notes":"MODIS satellite-mapped flood extents, 2000-2018; provides duration-band progression for 913 events."},{"source_id":"noaa_storm_events","agency":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","agency_short":"NOAA NCEI","source_url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)","rows_contributed":155561}],"quick_start":{"why_it_exists":"Use this pack for event-first flood discovery, then switch to aggregates for broad regional rollups and trend comparisons.","start_here":["Use source_id = 'floods' for event-level execution by default.","Use source_id = 'noaa_storm_events_floods' only for source-specific U.S. NOAA county flood, flash flood, heavy rain, and debris-flow reports.","Use metrics = ['event_count'] for the easiest first query.","Pass ISO date ranges when you want recent event windows; use numeric years only when you intentionally switch to yearly aggregates.","Use ISO3 region_ids such as BGD, IND, and PAK for a clean first comparison."],"first_query_template":{"source_id":"floods","metrics":["event_count"],"filters":{"region_ids":["BGD","IND","PAK"],"time":{"start":"2015-01-01","end":"2015-12-31"}},"sort":{"field":"timestamp","direction":"desc"},"limit":25},"important_rules":["use the exact metric ids shown in pack detail; casing matters","generate a fresh request_id for each real query when tracing matters","floods should default to event queries first; use flood_aggregates only for rollups and broad regional comparisons","noaa_storm_events_floods is a supplemental U.S. source-specific lane; it does not change flood_aggregates until a canonical flood rebuild folds it into the maintained event set","event_count is the easiest first metric for cross-country comparisons","damage_usd is sparse in the current published archive, so start with event_count, area, duration, or deaths before using damage","floods is currently a free lane"],"starter_metrics":["event_count","severity"],"starter_sources":["floods","flood_aggregates","noaa_storm_events_floods"]},"discovery_model":{"role":"pack_detail","purpose":"rich_free_discovery","pack_catalog_includes_source_execution_summaries":true,"separate_source_catalog_required":false},"source_count":3,"source_ids":["flood_aggregates","noaa_storm_events_floods","floods"],"data_types":["events","metrics"],"category":"disasters","location":{"scopes":["ASM","BMU","ESH","GUM","NCL","PRI","PYF","USA"],"geographic_levels":[2,4],"empty_geographic_levels_meaning":null,"coverage_contract":{"assertions":["explicit_countries"],"worldwide":false,"countries":["ASM","BMU","ESH","GUM","NCL","PRI","PYF","USA"],"excluded_countries":["AND","ARE","ARM","ATG","AZE","BEL","BHR","BIH","BLR","BLZ","BRB","BRN","BTN","BWA","CAF","COG","COK","CPV","CYP","DMA","DNK","ERI","EST","FSM","GIN","GMB","GNB","GNQ","GRD","HKG","IRQ","KGZ","KIR","KNA","KWT","LAO","LBN","LBY","LCA","LIE","LSO","LTU","LUX","LVA","MAC","MCO","MDA","MHL","MLI","MLT","MNE","MUS","NIU","NLD","NRU","PLW","PRY","QAT","SGP","SMR","SRB","STP","SUR","SVN","SWZ","TCD","TGO","TKM","TON","TTO","TUV","UZB","VAT","VCT","WSM"],"unknown_country_coverage":false},"coverage_description":"168/200 common","geographic_coverage":[{"type":"global","countries":null,"admin_levels":[2],"common_count":168,"common_missing":["AND","ARE","ATG","BHR","BRB","COK","CPV","CYP","DMA","FSM","GNQ","GRD","HKG","KIR","KNA","LBY","LIE","MAC","MDA","MHL","MLT","MNE","MUS","NIU","NRU","PLW","SMR","STP","TTO","TUV","VAT","VCT"],"uncommonly_included":["ESH"],"region_coverage":{}},{"type":"country","countries":["USA"],"admin_levels":[2],"common_count":null,"common_missing":[],"uncommonly_included":[],"region_coverage":{}},{"type":"global","countries":null,"admin_levels":[3,4,5],"common_count":130,"common_missing":["AND","ARE","ARM","ATG","AZE","BEL","BHR","BIH","BLR","BLZ","BRB","BRN","BTN","BWA","CAF","COG","COK","CPV","CYP","DMA","DNK","ERI","EST","FSM","GIN","GMB","GNB","GNQ","GRD","HKG","IRQ","KGZ","KIR","KNA","KWT","LAO","LBN","LBY","LCA","LIE","LSO","LTU","LUX","LVA","MAC","MCO","MLI","MNE","NIU","NLD","NRU","PLW","PRY","QAT","SGP","SMR","SRB","STP","SUR","SVN","SWZ","TCD","TGO","TKM","TON","TUV","UZB","VAT","VCT","WSM"],"uncommonly_included":["ASM","BMU","GUM","NCL","PRI","PYF"],"region_coverage":{}}]},"coverage_windows":[{"source_id":"floods","coverage_contract":{"assertion":"explicit_countries","scopes":["ASM","BMU","GUM","NCL","PRI","PYF"],"countries":["ASM","BMU","GUM","NCL","PRI","PYF"],"worldwide":false,"excluded_countries":["AND","ARE","ARM","ATG","AZE","BEL","BHR","BIH","BLR","BLZ","BRB","BRN","BTN","BWA","CAF","COG","COK","CPV","CYP","DMA","DNK","ERI","EST","FSM","GIN","GMB","GNB","GNQ","GRD","HKG","IRQ","KGZ","KIR","KNA","KWT","LAO","LBN","LBY","LCA","LIE","LSO","LTU","LUX","LVA","MAC","MCO","MLI","MNE","NIU","NLD","NRU","PLW","PRY","QAT","SGP","SMR","SRB","STP","SUR","SVN","SWZ","TCD","TGO","TKM","TON","TUV","UZB","VAT","VCT","WSM"],"geographic_levels":[4],"empty_geographic_levels_meaning":null},"temporal_start":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","temporal_end":"2024-01-06T00:00:00"},{"source_id":"noaa_storm_events_floods","coverage_contract":{"assertion":"explicit_countries","scopes":["USA"],"countries":["USA"],"worldwide":false,"excluded_countries":[],"geographic_levels":[2],"empty_geographic_levels_meaning":null},"temporal_start":"1926-01-01T05:01:00+00:00","temporal_end":"2025-12-28T11:45:00+00:00"},{"source_id":"flood_aggregates","coverage_contract":{"assertion":"explicit_countries","scopes":["ESH"],"countries":["ESH"],"worldwide":false,"excluded_countries":["AND","ARE","ATG","BHR","BRB","COK","CPV","CYP","DMA","FSM","GNQ","GRD","HKG","KIR","KNA","LBY","LIE","MAC","MDA","MHL","MLT","MNE","MUS","NIU","NRU","PLW","SMR","STP","TTO","TUV","VAT","VCT"],"geographic_levels":[2],"empty_geographic_levels_meaning":null},"temporal_start":1985,"temporal_end":2024}],"topic_tags":["NOAA","admin2","aggregate","county","disasters","flash floods","floods","hazard","heavy rain","hydrology","storm events"],"temporal_coverage":{"start":"1926-01-01T05:01:00+00:00","end":"2025-12-28T11:45:00+00:00"},"coverage_description":"168/200 common","metric_count":18,"metrics":{"event_count":"Count of events matching the applied filters","max_severity":"Max severity","avg_severity":"Average severity","total_area_km2":"Total flooded area","avg_duration_days":"Average flood duration","deaths":"Number of deaths attributed to the flood","damage_usd":"Property plus crop damage in USD reported by NOAA Storm Events","injuries":"Direct plus indirect injuries","area_km2":"Flood extent area in square kilometers","duration_days":"Duration of flood event in days","severity":"Severity classification (1=large, 1.5=very large, 2=extreme)","displaced":"Number of people displaced by the flood","dfo_id":"Original Dartmouth Flood Observatory event identifier","has_geometry":"Whether a mapped flood extent geometry is available for the event","has_progression":"Whether time-stepped progression geometry is available for the event","sibling_level":"Relative hierarchy marker used for related flood geometry/event records","loc_confidence":"Confidence score for the event-to-location assignment","flood_impact_index":"DFO composite flood impact index combining magnitude, duration, and affected area"},"supported_query_shapes":["filtered_event_query","multi_year_multi_location","multi_year_single_location","single_year_multi_location"],"sample_questions":["Show flood impacts for Bangladesh from 2000 to 2019","Show flood impacts across South Asian countries in 2015"],"query_dimensions":{"data":"single_or_variable_within_pack","location":"single_or_variable","time":"single_or_variable"},"query_rule":"easy_if_one_query_one_dataset","free_detail":true,"paid_data_calls":false,"live_updates_enabled":false,"canonical_available_through":"2025-12-28T11:45:00+00:00","preferred_tool":"get_data","related_disaster_links":{"supported":true,"requires_exact_event_id":true,"max_chain_depth":2,"supported_link_types":["triggered"],"tool":"get_event","tool_arguments":{"event_id":"<event_id from get_data>","pack_id":"floods","include":["relationships"],"relationship_depth":1},"cross_hazard_only":true,"published_link_families_last_checked":"2026-09-20","pack_relevant_link_families":[{"from_event_type":"hurricane","to_event_type":"flood","source":"derived_tc_flood","count":1005,"notes":"Tropical-cyclone flood links."},{"from_event_type":"wildfire","to_event_type":"flood","source":"derived_postfire_flood","count":13,"notes":"Post-fire flood or burn-scar runoff links."}],"network_link_families":[{"from_event_type":"earthquake","to_event_type":"tsunami","source":"noaa","count":592,"notes":"Cross-hazard seismic trigger links."},{"from_event_type":"hurricane","to_event_type":"flood","source":"derived_tc_flood","count":1005,"notes":"Tropical-cyclone flood links."},{"from_event_type":"hurricane","to_event_type":"tornado","source":"derived_tc_tornado","count":1305,"notes":"Tropical-cyclone tornado links."},{"from_event_type":"volcano","to_event_type":"earthquake","source":"smithsonian","count":29,"notes":"Volcano-linked earthquake references."},{"from_event_type":"volcano","to_event_type":"tsunami","source":"smithsonian","count":30,"notes":"Volcano-linked tsunami references."},{"from_event_type":"wildfire","to_event_type":"flood","source":"derived_postfire_flood","count":13,"notes":"Post-fire flood or burn-scar runoff links."}],"not_paired_families_last_checked":"2026-06-27","pack_relevant_not_paired_families":[{"event_types":["earthquake","flood"],"published_any_direction":false},{"event_types":["tsunami","flood"],"published_any_direction":false},{"event_types":["volcano","flood"],"published_any_direction":false},{"event_types":["tornado","flood"],"published_any_direction":false}],"usage_note":"Use an exact event_id returned by get_data, then call get_event with include=['relationships']. Increase relationship_depth to 2 only for a bounded chain. Same-pack observations such as earthquake aftershocks use include=['observations'] instead."},"sources":[{"source_id":"flood_aggregates","source_name":"Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region","description":"Annual and rolling flood aggregates by admin2 region for event counts, severity, area, duration, and losses. Coverage currently follows the shorter...","path":"global/disasters/floods/sources/aggregates","data_type":"metrics","scope":"global","geometry_family":"admin_spine","geometry_families":["admin_spine","marine"],"geographic_levels":[2],"coverage_contract":{"assertion":"explicit_countries","scopes":["ESH"],"countries":["ESH"],"worldwide":false,"excluded_countries":["AND","ARE","ATG","BHR","BRB","COK","CPV","CYP","DMA","FSM","GNQ","GRD","HKG","KIR","KNA","LBY","LIE","MAC","MDA","MHL","MLT","MNE","MUS","NIU","NRU","PLW","SMR","STP","TTO","TUV","VAT","VCT"],"geographic_levels":[2],"empty_geographic_levels_meaning":null},"temporal_coverage":{"start":1985,"end":2024,"frequency":"annual","granularity":"yearly","field":"year"},"time_field":"year","location_field":"loc_id","supported_query_shapes":["single_year_multi_location","multi_year_single_location","multi_year_multi_location"],"metrics":{"event_count":{"name":"Flood count","unit":"events","years":[1985,2024],"countries":170,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":1.0,"max":7.0,"median":1.0}},"max_severity":{"name":"Max severity","unit":"severity","years":[1985,2024],"countries":170,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":1.0,"max":2.0,"median":1.0}},"avg_severity":{"name":"Average severity","unit":"severity","years":[1985,2024],"countries":170,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":1.0,"max":2.0,"median":1.0}},"total_area_km2":{"name":"Total flooded area","unit":"km2","years":[1985,2024],"countries":170,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":1.0,"max":5477978.5,"median":186990.5469}},"avg_duration_days":{"name":"Average flood duration","unit":"days","years":[1985,2024],"countries":170,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":418.0,"median":10.0}},"deaths":{"name":"Deaths","unit":"people","years":[1985,2024],"countries":170,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":160000.0,"median":12.0}},"damage_usd":{"name":"Damage","unit":"USD","years":[1985,2024],"countries":170,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":0.0,"median":0.0}}},"metric_ids":["avg_duration_days","avg_severity","damage_usd","deaths","event_count","max_severity","total_area_km2"],"filterable_fields":["loc_id","year"],"sortable_fields":["loc_id","year","avg_duration_days","avg_severity","damage_usd","deaths","event_count","max_severity","total_area_km2"],"routing_hints":{"filter_advice":"Use this aggregate source for country/state/county rankings, flood frequency, event counts, cumulative deaths, and multi-year trend comparisons. Prefer event_count for 'most floods', 'flood frequency', and 'which places had the most events'. Do not use this source for displacement rankings; historical displacement questions should route to the flood events source, which carries displaced counts directly.","metric_aliases":{"most flood events":"event_count","flood frequency":"event_count","deadliest flood regions":"deaths","cumulative flood deaths":"deaths"},"unsupported_metric_aliases":["highest total flood displacement","total flood displacement","flood displacement by country","countries with highest flood displacement","displaced by floods historically"],"query_aliases":["flood exposure","flood frequency","flood counts by county","flood counts by region","most flood events","cumulative flood deaths","flood trends","most flood-prone regions"],"broad_topic_aliases":["flood aggregates","flood county comparison","flood regional comparison","flood risk by county"],"query_priority":0.2},"reference_guidance":{"files":{"admin2/rolling_10y.parquet":"Rolling 10y flood aggregates by admin2 region.","admin2/rolling_20y.parquet":"Rolling 20y flood aggregates by admin2 region.","admin2/yearly.parquet":"Annual flood aggregates by admin2 region."},"keywords":["flood","aggregate","admin2","regional summary","rolling window"]},"upstream_sources":[{"source_id":"dfo_global_flood_records","agency":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory","agency_short":"DFO","source_url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","agency_upstream_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19288170","license":"CC0 1.0","rows_contributed":4590,"notes":"Global Flood Records v0.9.0, 1985-2024, with flood extent polygons, fatalities, displaced, severity, main cause, and flood impact index."},{"source_id":"global_flood_database","agency":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory","agency_short":"GFD","source_url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","license":"CC BY NC 4.0","rows_contributed":913,"notes":"MODIS satellite-mapped flood extents, 2000-2018; provides duration-band progression for 913 events."}],"license_policy":{"schema_version":"1.2.0","license":"CC0 1.0 (DFO); CC BY NC 4.0 (Global Flood Database)","permission":"free","resolution_status":"resolved","policy_source":"build/catalog/license_permission_crosswalk.csv","reason":"The aggregate contains a CC BY-NC 4.0 upstream and therefore remains free-only and excluded from commercial bulk redistribution unless rebuilt without that material.","redistribution":"restricted","share_alike":"no","attribution_required":true,"attribution_template":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory records are CC0 1.0. Global Flood Database satellite extents are CC BY-NC 4.0.","source_url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-10","notes":"The CC BY-NC component is the controlling ceiling; DFO provenance remains separately cited in upstream_sources.","reuse_obligations":{"copyleft_scope":null,"required_public_license":null,"source_offer_required":null}},"material_policy":{"schema_version":"1.2.0","object_kind":"source","object_id":"flood_aggregates","policy_source":"build/catalog/license_permission_crosswalk.csv","permission":"free","licenses":["CC0 1.0","CC BY NC 4.0"],"resolution_status":"resolved","hosted_access":{"maximum_lane":"free","publication_ready":true,"free_allowed":true,"paid_allowed":false,"reason_codes":["paid_hosted_not_permitted","redistribution_not_permitted"]},"redistribution":{"status":"restricted","allowed":false,"share_alike":"no"},"reuse_obligations":[],"surface_access":{"hosted_results":true,"server_rendered_display":true,"client_geometry":false,"download":false,"blocked_by_source_review":[],"restrictions":[]},"attribution":{"required":true,"status":"resolved","text":"Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0. Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","lines":["Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0.","Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/"]},"citation":{"style":"daedalmap-1","entries":[{"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region","vintage":"","url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","license":"CC0 1.0"}},{"text":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region","vintage":"","url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","license":"CC BY NC 4.0"}}],"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.; Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/."},"license_evidence":[{"license":"CC0 1.0","source_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","reviewed_on":"2026-09-05"},{"license":"CC BY NC 4.0","source_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-10"}],"facts_fingerprint":"40b575043f0c17cbf957eb0e97332aa1ff030f5358a97754df6b878421a4b677","policy_fingerprint":"f406c5676957a2b248aaee5ad2ba7fa941f46e858dd46241531f037b8b167590"},"size":{"contract_version":1,"transfer_mb":4.49,"browser_storage_estimate_mb":4.49,"working_set_estimate_mb":77.35},"browser_artifact":{"contract_version":1,"artifact_version":"3e955d6945fb288f10eb60f5d4f77f13e53b4cc019a9367f1dd2fdd7fe70f50d","format":"application/gzip","storage_key":"published/browser_artifacts/sources/flood_aggregates/runtime_snapshot_v1_3e955d6945fb288f.json.gz","sha256":"3e955d6945fb288f10eb60f5d4f77f13e53b4cc019a9367f1dd2fdd7fe70f50d","transfer_bytes":4706330,"transfer_mb":4.49,"stored_bytes":4706330,"stored_mb":4.49,"expanded_bytes":81104261,"expanded_mb":77.35,"generated_at":"2026-08-16T21:31:18.654600Z","source_snapshot_version":1},"live_updates_enabled":false,"canonical_available_through":2024,"source_url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/","license":"CC0 1.0 (DFO); CC BY NC 4.0 (Global Flood Database)","source_license":null,"category":"hazard","geojson_shape":"geometry_shape","supports_admin_spine_crosswalk":null,"display_contract":{"family":"admin_choropleth","geometry_family":"admin_spine","popup_family":"metric_popup","timeline":{"clock":"utc","playhead_unit":"epoch_ms","mode":"discrete_frames","time_field":"year","source_time_unit":"year","native_granularity":"yearly","timestamp_semantics":"period_start","frame_policy":"hold_previous","animation_style":"replace_frame"}},"pack_id":"floods","pack_representative":false,"pack_maintainer_name":"","pack_maintainer_url":"","pack_version":"1.1.0","release_state":"published","access_scope":null,"wip_note":"","catalog_surfaces":["api","research","explore","mcp"],"live_watermark_utc":null,"processing_state":null,"topic_tags":["disasters","floods","hydrology","hazard","aggregate","admin2","county"],"keywords":["flood","aggregate","admin2","regional summary","rolling window"],"geographic_level":"admin_2","geographic_coverage":{"type":"global","countries":null,"admin_levels":[2],"common_count":168,"common_missing":["AND","ARE","ATG","BHR","BRB","COK","CPV","CYP","DMA","FSM","GNQ","GRD","HKG","KIR","KNA","LBY","LIE","MAC","MDA","MHL","MLT","MNE","MUS","NIU","NRU","PLW","SMR","STP","TTO","TUV","VAT","VCT"],"uncommonly_included":["ESH"],"region_coverage":{}},"coverage_description":"168/200 common","row_count":846306,"file_size_mb":4.49,"browser_storage_estimate_mb":4.49,"working_set_estimate_mb":77.35,"browser_artifact_available":true,"browser_artifact_policy":null,"llm_summary":"Annual and rolling flood aggregates by admin2 region for event counts, severity, area, duration, and losses. Coverage currently follows the shorter published flood archive window.","time_granularity":"yearly","runtime_primary_file":"admin2/yearly.parquet","default_load":{"kind":"confirmed_order","relative_years":10,"summary":"Showing flood event counts by region over the last 10 years. Darker regions recorded more floods in covered areas; blank regions may reflect either no recorded events or gaps in coverage. This source also tracks severity, deaths, and damage; ask to map those instead.","items":[{"source_id":"flood_aggregates","pack_id":"floods","metric":"event_count","geo_level":"admin_2"}]},"default_question":"Show me the regions with the heaviest recent flood activity over the last 10 years.","default_response":"Showing flood event counts by region over the last 10 years. Darker regions recorded more floods in covered areas; blank regions may reflect either no recorded events or gaps in coverage. This source also tracks severity, deaths, and damage; ask to map those instead.","reference":{"source":{"source_id":"flood_aggregates","source_name":"Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region","source_url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/","license":"CC0 1.0 (DFO); CC BY-NC 4.0 (Global Flood Database)","description":"Annual and rolling-window flood aggregate statistics by admin2 region, derived from the published floods event source for cross-region comparison, ranking, and joins with other county-scale risk layers. The aggregate framework is ready, but the current published archive still covers a shorter historical window than the other core disaster packs.","category":"hazard","data_type":"metrics","topic_tags":["disasters","floods","hydrology","hazard","aggregate","admin2","county"],"keywords":["flood","aggregate","admin2","regional summary","rolling window"]},"upstream_sources":[],"metrics":{"event_count":"Flood count (unit: events, aggregation: sum)","max_severity":"Max severity (unit: severity, aggregation: max)","avg_severity":"Average severity (unit: severity, aggregation: avg)","total_area_km2":"Total flooded area (unit: km2, aggregation: sum)","avg_duration_days":"Average flood duration (unit: days, aggregation: avg)","deaths":"Deaths (unit: people, aggregation: sum)","damage_usd":"Damage (unit: USD, aggregation: sum)"},"manual_guidance":{"files":{"admin2/rolling_10y.parquet":"Rolling 10y flood aggregates by admin2 region.","admin2/rolling_20y.parquet":"Rolling 20y flood aggregates by admin2 region.","admin2/yearly.parquet":"Annual flood aggregates by admin2 region."}}},"permission":"free","provenance_fingerprint":"40b575043f0c17cbf957eb0e97332aa1ff030f5358a97754df6b878421a4b677","license_conditions":{"permission":"free","redistribution":"restricted","share_alike":"no"},"attribution_text":"Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0. Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","attribution_lines":["Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0.","Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/"],"citation":{"style":"daedalmap-1","entries":[{"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region","vintage":"","url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","license":"CC0 1.0"}},{"text":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region","vintage":"","url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","license":"CC BY NC 4.0"}}],"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.; Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Flood Aggregates by Admin2 Region. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/."},"download":{"available":true,"channel":"stable","version":"1.1.0","published_at":"2026-10-10T01:45:29.603137Z","current_manifest_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/current.json","version_manifest_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/1.1.0/version.json","artifact_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/1.1.0/pack.zip","filename":"pack.zip","sha256":"9435e439601b7288e5cad98c87a0fcd4458856fac60288149291511ec343fa1e","size_bytes":28325729,"file_count":24,"validation_status":"passed"},"last_updated":"2026-06-08"},{"source_id":"noaa_storm_events_floods","source_name":"NOAA Storm Events flood reports","description":"1926 - 2025, 155,561 US flood, flash flood, heavy rain, and debris flow reports from NOAA Storm Events with damage, deaths, and injuries. County-level...","path":"global/disasters/floods/sources/noaa_storm_events","data_type":"events","scope":"USA","geometry_families":["admin_spine","marine"],"geographic_levels":[2],"coverage_contract":{"assertion":"explicit_countries","scopes":["USA"],"countries":["USA"],"worldwide":false,"excluded_countries":[],"geographic_levels":[2],"empty_geographic_levels_meaning":null},"temporal_coverage":{"start":"1926-01-01T05:01:00+00:00","end":"2025-12-28T11:45:00+00:00","field":"timestamp","granularity":"event_time"},"time_field":"timestamp","location_field":"loc_id","supported_query_shapes":["single_year_multi_location","multi_year_single_location","multi_year_multi_location","filtered_event_query"],"metrics":{"event_count":{"name":"NOAA flood report count","unit":"events","years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"description":"Count of NOAA Storm Events flood, flash flood, heavy rain, and debris-flow reports matching the applied filters"},"damage_usd":{"name":"Property plus crop damage in USD reported by NOAA Storm Events","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":10000100000.0,"median":0.0}},"deaths":{"name":"Direct plus indirect deaths","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":61.0,"median":0.0}},"injuries":{"name":"Direct plus indirect injuries","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":168.0,"median":0.0}}},"metric_ids":["damage_usd","deaths","event_count","injuries"],"filterable_fields":["loc_id","timestamp"],"sortable_fields":["loc_id","timestamp","damage_usd","deaths","event_count","injuries"],"routing_hints":{"query_aliases":["us floods","flash floods","flash flood reports","noaa flood reports","county flood reports","heavy rain events","debris flows"],"broad_topic_aliases":["US flood events","flash flooding","local flood reports"],"filter_advice":"Filter by year range, state, or county. Sort by damage_usd, deaths, or injuries for the most significant reports.","supported_geography_summary":"United States only, county-level reports rolled up from NOAA Storm Events.","query_priority":0.18},"reference_guidance":{"data_quality_notes":["Useful for FEMA declaration matching where DFO/GFD large-flood coverage is missing.","Does not provide flood-water extent polygons or inundation animation.","Raw NOAA reports are granular; weekly complexes group reports by state and week.","Episodes merge adjacent weekly complexes in the same state when their reported affected counties overlap, reducing artificial week-boundary ambiguity for FEMA declaration matching.","Complex and episode IDs are group identities; normalized membership tables connect them to canonical occurrence event_id values."]},"upstream_sources":[{"source_id":"noaa_storm_events","agency":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","agency_short":"NOAA NCEI","source_url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)","rows_contributed":155561}],"license_policy":{"schema_version":"1.2.0","license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)","permission":"paid","resolution_status":"resolved","policy_source":"build/catalog/license_permission_crosswalk.csv","reason":"U.S. government public-domain posture supports paid hosted use.","redistribution":"allowed","share_alike":"no","attribution_required":false,"attribution_template":"Source: {agency} (U.S. Government work, public domain).","source_url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html","reviewed_on":"2026-09-10","notes":"Legacy spelling canonicalized to the source-aware U.S. federal label.","reuse_obligations":{"copyleft_scope":null,"required_public_license":null,"source_offer_required":null}},"material_policy":{"schema_version":"1.2.0","object_kind":"source","object_id":"noaa_storm_events_floods","policy_source":"build/catalog/license_permission_crosswalk.csv","permission":"paid","licenses":["Public Domain (U.S. Government)"],"resolution_status":"resolved","hosted_access":{"maximum_lane":"paid","publication_ready":true,"free_allowed":true,"paid_allowed":true,"reason_codes":["allowed"]},"redistribution":{"status":"allowed","allowed":true,"share_alike":"no"},"reuse_obligations":[],"surface_access":{"hosted_results":true,"server_rendered_display":true,"client_geometry":true,"download":true,"blocked_by_source_review":[],"restrictions":[]},"attribution":{"required":false,"status":"resolved","text":"Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (U.S. Government work, public domain).","lines":["Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (U.S. Government work, public domain)."]},"citation":{"style":"daedalmap-1","entries":[{"text":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. NOAA Storm Events flood reports. Public Domain (U.S. Government). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","title":"NOAA Storm Events flood reports","vintage":"","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)"}}],"text":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. NOAA Storm Events flood reports. Public Domain (U.S. Government). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/."},"license_evidence":[{"license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)","source_url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html","reviewed_on":"2026-09-10"}],"facts_fingerprint":"7812621a420cff626d60459b714b9fa732845f546262902e9a9aac45c5800171","policy_fingerprint":"b1c1a1febb1aaababa251ddeb846df7130aab38ed9933d914602ca7862ae1d23"},"size":{"contract_version":1,"transfer_mb":6.84,"browser_storage_estimate_mb":6.84,"working_set_estimate_mb":80.24},"browser_artifact":{"contract_version":1,"artifact_version":"1c23cdf8fb9043224f74147b59d7dd25599ba7f3601935d82ff7ee999ee8c991","format":"application/gzip","storage_key":"published/browser_artifacts/sources/noaa_storm_events_floods/runtime_snapshot_v1_1c23cdf8fb904322.json.gz","sha256":"1c23cdf8fb9043224f74147b59d7dd25599ba7f3601935d82ff7ee999ee8c991","transfer_bytes":7174340,"transfer_mb":6.84,"stored_bytes":7174340,"stored_mb":6.84,"expanded_bytes":84139528,"expanded_mb":80.24,"generated_at":"2026-08-16T21:31:23.054360Z","source_snapshot_version":1},"live_updates_enabled":false,"canonical_available_through":"2025-12-28T11:45:00+00:00","source_url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)","source_license":null,"category":"hazard","geojson_shape":"point","geometry_family":null,"supports_admin_spine_crosswalk":null,"display_contract":{"lifecycle_fields":{"start_field":"display_start_timestamp","end_field":"display_end_timestamp","animation_kind_field":"display_animation_kind"}},"pack_id":"floods","pack_representative":false,"pack_maintainer_name":"","pack_maintainer_url":"","pack_version":"1.1.0","release_state":"published","access_scope":null,"wip_note":"","catalog_surfaces":["api","research","explore","mcp"],"live_watermark_utc":null,"processing_state":null,"topic_tags":["disasters","floods","flash floods","heavy rain","NOAA","storm events"],"keywords":["flood","flash flood","heavy rain","debris flow","NOAA Storm Events"],"geographic_level":"admin_2","geographic_coverage":{"type":"country","countries":["USA"],"admin_levels":[2],"common_count":null,"common_missing":[],"uncommonly_included":[],"region_coverage":{}},"coverage_description":"Single country","row_count":155561,"file_size_mb":6.84,"browser_storage_estimate_mb":6.84,"working_set_estimate_mb":80.24,"browser_artifact_available":true,"browser_artifact_policy":null,"llm_summary":"1926 - 2025, 155,561 US flood, flash flood, heavy rain, and debris flow reports from NOAA Storm Events with damage, deaths, and injuries. County-level points and reported admin footprints, not inundation extents. Public domain.","time_granularity":"event_time","event_type":"flood","significance_column":"damage_usd","runtime_primary_file":"events.parquet","default_question":"Show me US flash flood reports from the last 10 years.","default_response":"Showing NOAA Storm Events flood and flash flood reports across the United States for the last 10 years. Each mark is a county-level report with damage, deaths, and injuries. Ask to focus a state, a year range, or the most damaging events.","overlay":{"path":"disasters/floods","label":"Floods","scope":null,"icon":null,"default_visible":false,"visibility":{"min_zoom":0,"max_zoom":18,"min_area_sq_deg":null,"max_area_sq_deg":null}},"reference":{"source":{"source_id":"noaa_storm_events_floods","source_name":"NOAA Storm Events flood reports","description":"County-level NOAA Storm Events reports for Flood, Flash Flood, Heavy Rain, and Debris Flow. Canonical event_id identifies each occurrence; loc_id fields are maintained geometry foreign keys. Complexes and episodes are group identities with normalized event-membership relationships, not locations.","data_type":"events","geojson_shape":"point","data_scope":"full_source_sidecar","display_note":"NOAA flood reports are point/admin-footprint events, not inundation polygons.","source_url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","license":"U.S. government work / public domain"},"metrics":{"damage_usd":"Property plus crop damage reported by NOAA Storm Events","deaths":"Direct plus indirect deaths","injuries":"Direct plus indirect injuries","event_count":"Number of NOAA point reports in a weekly state complex or merged state episode","complex_count":"Number of weekly state complexes in a merged state episode","affected_county_count":"Number of reported county/admin areas in a weekly state complex or merged state episode"},"manual_guidance":{"data_quality_notes":["Useful for FEMA declaration matching where DFO/GFD large-flood coverage is missing.","Does not provide flood-water extent polygons or inundation animation.","Raw NOAA reports are granular; weekly complexes group reports by state and week.","Episodes merge adjacent weekly complexes in the same state when their reported affected counties overlap, reducing artificial week-boundary ambiguity for FEMA declaration matching.","Complex and episode IDs are group identities; normalized membership tables connect them to canonical occurrence event_id values."]}},"permission":"paid","provenance_fingerprint":"7812621a420cff626d60459b714b9fa732845f546262902e9a9aac45c5800171","license_conditions":{"permission":"paid","redistribution":"allowed","share_alike":"no"},"attribution_text":"Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (U.S. Government work, public domain).","attribution_lines":["Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (U.S. Government work, public domain)."],"citation":{"style":"daedalmap-1","entries":[{"text":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. NOAA Storm Events flood reports. Public Domain (U.S. Government). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","title":"NOAA Storm Events flood reports","vintage":"","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)"}}],"text":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. NOAA Storm Events flood reports. Public Domain (U.S. Government). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/."},"download":{"available":true,"channel":"stable","version":"1.1.0","published_at":"2026-10-10T01:45:29.603137Z","current_manifest_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/current.json","version_manifest_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/1.1.0/version.json","artifact_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/1.1.0/pack.zip","filename":"pack.zip","sha256":"9435e439601b7288e5cad98c87a0fcd4458856fac60288149291511ec343fa1e","size_bytes":28325729,"file_count":24,"validation_status":"passed"},"last_updated":"2026-08-16"},{"source_id":"floods","source_name":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database","description":"1985 - 2024, 5,503 major flood events worldwide with severity, area, duration, deaths, displacement, main cause, and a flood impact index. CC0.","path":"global/disasters/floods","data_type":"events","scope":"global","geometry_families":["admin_spine","marine"],"geographic_levels":[4],"coverage_contract":{"assertion":"explicit_countries","scopes":["ASM","BMU","GUM","NCL","PRI","PYF"],"countries":["ASM","BMU","GUM","NCL","PRI","PYF"],"worldwide":false,"excluded_countries":["AND","ARE","ARM","ATG","AZE","BEL","BHR","BIH","BLR","BLZ","BRB","BRN","BTN","BWA","CAF","COG","COK","CPV","CYP","DMA","DNK","ERI","EST","FSM","GIN","GMB","GNB","GNQ","GRD","HKG","IRQ","KGZ","KIR","KNA","KWT","LAO","LBN","LBY","LCA","LIE","LSO","LTU","LUX","LVA","MAC","MCO","MLI","MNE","NIU","NLD","NRU","PLW","PRY","QAT","SGP","SMR","SRB","STP","SUR","SVN","SWZ","TCD","TGO","TKM","TON","TUV","UZB","VAT","VCT","WSM"],"geographic_levels":[4],"empty_geographic_levels_meaning":null},"temporal_coverage":{"start":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","end":"2024-01-06T00:00:00","granularity":"timestamp","field":"timestamp","frequency":"daily"},"time_field":"timestamp","location_field":"loc_id","supported_query_shapes":["single_year_multi_location","multi_year_single_location","multi_year_multi_location","filtered_event_query"],"metrics":{"area_km2":{"name":"Flood extent area in square kilometers","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":1.0,"max":4814280.5,"median":33893.2578}},"duration_days":{"name":"Duration of flood event in days","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":418.0,"median":5.0}},"severity":{"name":"Severity classification (1=large, 1.5=very large, 2=extreme)","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":1.0,"max":2.0,"median":1.0}},"deaths":{"name":"Number of deaths attributed to the flood","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":160000.0,"median":4.0}},"displaced":{"name":"Number of people displaced by the flood","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":40000000.0,"median":1000.0}},"dfo_id":{"name":"Original Dartmouth Flood Observatory event identifier","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":1.0,"max":5506.0,"median":2754.0}},"has_geometry":{"name":"Whether a mapped flood extent geometry is available for the event","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":1.0,"max":1.0,"median":1.0}},"has_progression":{"name":"Whether time-stepped progression geometry is available for the event","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":0.0,"median":0.0}},"sibling_level":{"name":"Relative hierarchy marker used for related flood geometry/event records","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":3.0,"median":1.0}},"loc_confidence":{"name":"Confidence score for the event-to-location assignment","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":1.0,"stats":{"min":0.3,"max":0.95,"median":0.9}},"flood_impact_index":{"name":"DFO composite flood impact index combining magnitude, duration, and affected area","unit":null,"years":null,"countries":null,"density":0.834,"stats":{"min":0.0,"max":8.4918,"median":5.2664}}},"metric_ids":["area_km2","deaths","dfo_id","displaced","duration_days","event_count","flood_impact_index","has_geometry","has_progression","loc_confidence","severity","sibling_level"],"filterable_fields":["loc_id","timestamp"],"sortable_fields":["loc_id","timestamp","area_km2","deaths","dfo_id","displaced","duration_days","flood_impact_index","has_geometry","has_progression","loc_confidence","severity","sibling_level"],"routing_hints":{"filter_advice":"Use this source for actual flood events, incident overlays, displacement totals, and country rankings by displaced population. For country/state/county rankings based on event frequency or cumulative deaths, prefer flood_aggregates with event_count or deaths. Historical displacement questions should stay on this events source because it carries displaced counts directly.","metric_aliases":{"largest floods":"area_km2","deadliest floods":"deaths","flood displacement":"displaced","highest displacement":"displaced","major floods":"area_km2","highest total flood displacement":"displaced","total flood displacement":"displaced","displaced by floods historically":"displaced","flood displacement by country":"displaced","countries with highest flood displacement":"displaced","most flood events in africa":"area_km2","flood frequency in southeast asia":"area_km2"},"query_aliases":["major floods","deadliest floods","floods in","flood disasters","flood events","flood displacement","river floods","highest total flood displacement","people displaced by floods over the last 20 years","displaced by floods historically","which countries have the highest total flood displacement historically","flood displacement by country","countries with highest flood displacement","which countries in africa had the most flood events in the last 10 years","flood events in africa","flood frequency in southeast asia","has flood frequency in southeast asia been increasing since 1990"],"broad_topic_aliases":["flood events","flood incidents","major flood events","flood displacement rankings","country displacement totals"],"query_priority":0.22},"reference_guidance":{"geographic_context":{"coverage":"Global - 166+ countries","focus":"Large flood events detected via satellite and news reports","temporal":"1985-2024","admin_levels":["Point locations with flood extent polygons"]},"data_quality_notes":["Only includes large-scale flood events meeting DFO criteria","DFO half refreshed 2026-06-08 from Global Flood Records v0.9.0 (Zenodo, CC0), extending coverage from 2019 to Jan 2024","GFD satellite-extent events (2000-2018) are retained for duration-band progression and are open for research use","Flood extent polygons available for all events (has_geometry flag)","Death and displacement figures from news reports may be estimates","main_cause and flood_impact_index are new fields provided by the v0.9.0 release","dfo_id links to original DFO database record","glide_index provides cross-reference to GLIDE disaster database"],"qualifier_hints":{"biggest":"By default, treat biggest or largest floods as the widest flood extent by area_km2 unless the user asks for deaths, damage, displacement, or duration.","most severe":"Treat most severe floods as the source severity field first, not simple event count.","deadliest":"Treat deadliest floods as ranking by deaths.","costliest":"Treat costliest floods as ranking by damage_usd.","longest":"Treat longest floods as ranking by duration_days."},"qa":{"suite":"disaster_aggregates_v1.json","last_run":"2026-03-14","result":"6/10 PASS, 4/10 PARTIAL, 0 FAIL. Exec success 100%. PARTIALs are LLM routing (complex multi-source/per-capita/composite queries routed to chat, not data gaps). All 7 disaster sources hit successfully.","notes":"Working hosted overlay, though not heavily represented in current cross-source suites."},"keywords":["flood","inundation","DFO","Dartmouth","displaced","river","coastal"],"runtime_filter_summary":"Published pack uses Dartmouth Flood Observatory large flood events. This is already a curated major-flood archive rather than an every-inundation feed.","full_dataset_note":"This published pack is optimized for fast mapping and analysis. Additional flood detail layers or alternate flood archives can be made available for custom research workflows on request.","default_map_filter_summary":"Default live map overlay shows flood events from 1985 onward, with no extra severity cutoff beyond the source archive."},"upstream_sources":[{"source_id":"dfo_global_flood_records","agency":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory","agency_short":"DFO","source_url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","agency_upstream_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19288170","license":"CC0 1.0","rows_contributed":4590,"notes":"Global Flood Records v0.9.0, 1985-2024, with flood extent polygons, fatalities, displaced, severity, main cause, and flood impact index."},{"source_id":"global_flood_database","agency":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory","agency_short":"GFD","source_url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","license":"CC BY NC 4.0","rows_contributed":913,"notes":"MODIS satellite-mapped flood extents, 2000-2018; provides duration-band progression for 913 events."}],"license_policy":{"schema_version":"1.2.0","license":"CC0 1.0 (public domain); satellite extent layer (GFD) open for research","permission":"free","resolution_status":"resolved","policy_source":"build/catalog/license_permission_crosswalk.csv","reason":"Mixed label includes a component described as research/open rather than commercial; free-only until the label is split or commercially cleared.","redistribution":"restricted","share_alike":"no","attribution_required":true,"attribution_template":"{agency}. {title?}. CC0 1.0. Satellite extent layer from the Global Flood Database, provided for research use.","source_url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-10","notes":"Conservative composite decision: the CC0 component cannot broaden the Global Flood Database component's stated research scope.","reuse_obligations":{"copyleft_scope":null,"required_public_license":null,"source_offer_required":null}},"material_policy":{"schema_version":"1.2.0","object_kind":"source","object_id":"floods","policy_source":"build/catalog/license_permission_crosswalk.csv","permission":"free","licenses":["CC0 1.0","CC BY NC 4.0"],"resolution_status":"resolved","hosted_access":{"maximum_lane":"free","publication_ready":true,"free_allowed":true,"paid_allowed":false,"reason_codes":["paid_hosted_not_permitted","redistribution_not_permitted"]},"redistribution":{"status":"restricted","allowed":false,"share_alike":"no"},"reuse_obligations":[],"surface_access":{"hosted_results":true,"server_rendered_display":true,"client_geometry":false,"download":false,"blocked_by_source_review":[],"restrictions":[]},"attribution":{"required":true,"status":"resolved","text":"Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0. Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","lines":["Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0.","Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/"]},"citation":{"style":"daedalmap-1","entries":[{"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database","vintage":"","url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","license":"CC0 1.0"}},{"text":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database","vintage":"","url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","license":"CC BY NC 4.0"}}],"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.; Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/."},"license_evidence":[{"license":"CC0 1.0","source_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","reviewed_on":"2026-09-05"},{"license":"CC BY NC 4.0","source_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-10"}],"facts_fingerprint":"aefa3096ff4c3f6741154a4ab5d8c49f8d31ad4f6a6e8db83af0c93037c26c5b","policy_fingerprint":"f406c5676957a2b248aaee5ad2ba7fa941f46e858dd46241531f037b8b167590"},"size":{"contract_version":1,"transfer_mb":0.47,"browser_storage_estimate_mb":0.47,"working_set_estimate_mb":3.6},"browser_artifact":{"contract_version":1,"artifact_version":"904d91cb44265350cbb717bebcbc2d610fb8635dc1aaca03f96121a70ed958cb","format":"application/gzip","storage_key":"published/browser_artifacts/sources/floods/runtime_snapshot_v1_904d91cb44265350.json.gz","sha256":"904d91cb44265350cbb717bebcbc2d610fb8635dc1aaca03f96121a70ed958cb","transfer_bytes":497474,"transfer_mb":0.47,"stored_bytes":497474,"stored_mb":0.47,"expanded_bytes":3770709,"expanded_mb":3.6,"generated_at":"2026-08-16T21:31:26.349065Z","source_snapshot_version":1},"live_updates_enabled":false,"canonical_available_through":"2024-01-06T00:00:00","source_url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","license":"CC0 1.0 (public domain); satellite extent layer (GFD) open for research","source_license":null,"category":"disasters","geojson_shape":"event_shape","geometry_family":null,"supports_admin_spine_crosswalk":null,"display_contract":{"family":"event_overlay","rendering_model":"geojson_first_event","popup_family":"disaster_popup","render_variants":[{"kind":"geojson","field":"perimeter"},{"kind":"point_radius","latitude_field":"latitude","longitude_field":"longitude","radius_field":"display_area_radius_km","radius_unit":"km"},{"kind":"point","latitude_field":"latitude","longitude_field":"longitude"}],"timeline":{"clock":"utc","playhead_unit":"epoch_ms","mode":"event_lifecycle","time_field":"timestamp","source_time_unit":"datetime","native_granularity":"event","timestamp_semantics":"instant","frame_policy":"active_interval","animation_style":"event_lifecycle"},"lifecycle_fields":{"start_field":"display_start_timestamp","end_field":"display_end_timestamp","animation_kind_field":"display_animation_kind"}},"pack_id":"floods","pack_representative":false,"pack_maintainer_name":"","pack_maintainer_url":"","pack_version":"1.1.0","release_state":"published","access_scope":null,"wip_note":"","catalog_surfaces":["api","research","explore","mcp"],"live_watermark_utc":null,"processing_state":null,"topic_tags":["disasters","floods","hydrology","hazard"],"keywords":["flood","inundation","DFO","Dartmouth","displaced","river","coastal"],"geographic_level":"admin_4","geographic_coverage":{"type":"global","countries":null,"admin_levels":[3,4,5],"common_count":130,"common_missing":["AND","ARE","ARM","ATG","AZE","BEL","BHR","BIH","BLR","BLZ","BRB","BRN","BTN","BWA","CAF","COG","COK","CPV","CYP","DMA","DNK","ERI","EST","FSM","GIN","GMB","GNB","GNQ","GRD","HKG","IRQ","KGZ","KIR","KNA","KWT","LAO","LBN","LBY","LCA","LIE","LSO","LTU","LUX","LVA","MAC","MCO","MLI","MNE","NIU","NLD","NRU","PLW","PRY","QAT","SGP","SMR","SRB","STP","SUR","SVN","SWZ","TCD","TGO","TKM","TON","TUV","UZB","VAT","VCT","WSM"],"uncommonly_included":["ASM","BMU","GUM","NCL","PRI","PYF"],"region_coverage":{}},"coverage_description":"130/200 common","row_count":5503,"file_size_mb":0.47,"browser_storage_estimate_mb":0.47,"working_set_estimate_mb":3.6,"browser_artifact_available":true,"browser_artifact_policy":null,"llm_summary":"1985 - 2024, 5,503 major flood events worldwide with severity, area, duration, deaths, displacement, main cause, and a flood impact index. CC0.","time_granularity":"timestamp","event_type":"flood","significance_column":"severity","runtime_primary_file":"events.parquet","default_load":{"kind":"confirmed_order","relative_years":10,"summary":"Showing the most severe floods worldwide over the last 10 years -- the largest, most damaging events on record. Each mark is a flood with its area, duration, and people displaced. Ask to include smaller floods, focus a region, or see the deadliest.","items":[{"source_id":"floods","pack_id":"floods","metric":"event_count","mode":"events","filters":{"severity":{"min":1.5}}}]},"default_question":"Show me the most severe recent flood disasters worldwide from the last 10 years.","default_response":"Showing the most severe floods worldwide over the last 10 years -- the largest, most damaging events on record. Each mark is a flood with its area, duration, and people displaced. Ask to include smaller floods, focus a region, or see the deadliest.","overlay":{"path":"disasters/floods","label":"Floods","scope":null,"icon":null,"default_visible":false,"visibility":{"min_zoom":0,"max_zoom":18,"min_area_sq_deg":null,"max_area_sq_deg":null}},"reference":{"source":{"source_id":"floods","source_name":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database","source_url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","license":"CC0 1.0 (public domain); satellite extent layer (GFD) open for research","category":"hazard","description":"Global large flood events 1985-2024 from the Dartmouth Flood Observatory Global Flood Records (v0.9.0, CC0) with flood extent polygons, duration, fatalities, displaced, severity, main cause, and a flood impact index, plus MODIS satellite-mapped flood extents from the Global Flood Database (2000-2018).","topic_tags":["disasters","floods","hydrology","hazard"],"keywords":["flood","inundation","DFO","Dartmouth","displaced","river","coastal"],"data_type":"events","geojson_shape":"event_shape","data_scope":"optimized_runtime","full_dataset_available":true,"runtime_filter_summary":"Published pack uses Dartmouth Flood Observatory large flood events. This is already a curated major-flood archive rather than an every-inundation feed.","full_dataset_note":"This published pack is optimized for fast mapping and analysis. Additional flood detail layers or alternate flood archives can be made available for custom research workflows on request.","default_map_filter_summary":"Default live map overlay shows flood events from 1985 onward, with no extra severity cutoff beyond the source archive."},"metrics":{"area_km2":"Flood extent area in square kilometers","duration_days":"Duration of flood event in days","severity":"Severity classification (1=large, 1.5=very large, 2=extreme)","deaths":"Number of deaths attributed to the flood","displaced":"Number of people displaced by the flood","damage_usd":"Estimated damage in USD","main_cause":"Primary reported cause of the flood (e.g. Heavy rain, Torrential rain, Tropical cyclone, Dam release)","flood_impact_index":"DFO composite flood impact index combining magnitude, duration, and affected area","dfo_id":"Original Dartmouth Flood Observatory event identifier","has_geometry":"Whether a mapped flood extent geometry is available for the event","has_progression":"Whether time-stepped progression geometry is available for the event","loc_confidence":"Confidence score for the event-to-location assignment","sibling_level":"Relative hierarchy marker used for related flood geometry/event records"},"manual_guidance":{"geographic_context":{"coverage":"Global - 166+ countries","focus":"Large flood events detected via satellite and news reports","temporal":"1985-2024","admin_levels":["Point locations with flood extent polygons"]},"data_quality_notes":["Only includes large-scale flood events meeting DFO criteria","DFO half refreshed 2026-06-08 from Global Flood Records v0.9.0 (Zenodo, CC0), extending coverage from 2019 to Jan 2024","GFD satellite-extent events (2000-2018) are retained for duration-band progression and are open for research use","Flood extent polygons available for all events (has_geometry flag)","Death and displacement figures from news reports may be estimates","main_cause and flood_impact_index are new fields provided by the v0.9.0 release","dfo_id links to original DFO database record","glide_index provides cross-reference to GLIDE disaster database"],"qualifier_hints":{"biggest":"By default, treat biggest or largest floods as the widest flood extent by area_km2 unless the user asks for deaths, damage, displacement, or duration.","most severe":"Treat most severe floods as the source severity field first, not simple event count.","deadliest":"Treat deadliest floods as ranking by deaths.","costliest":"Treat costliest floods as ranking by damage_usd.","longest":"Treat longest floods as ranking by duration_days."},"qa":{"suite":"disaster_aggregates_v1.json","last_run":"2026-03-14","result":"6/10 PASS, 4/10 PARTIAL, 0 FAIL. Exec success 100%. PARTIALs are LLM routing (complex multi-source/per-capita/composite queries routed to chat, not data gaps). All 7 disaster sources hit successfully.","notes":"Working hosted overlay, though not heavily represented in current cross-source suites."}}},"permission":"free","provenance_fingerprint":"aefa3096ff4c3f6741154a4ab5d8c49f8d31ad4f6a6e8db83af0c93037c26c5b","license_conditions":{"permission":"free","redistribution":"restricted","share_alike":"no"},"attribution_text":"Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0. Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","attribution_lines":["Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0.","Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/"],"citation":{"style":"daedalmap-1","entries":[{"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database","vintage":"","url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","license":"CC0 1.0"}},{"text":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database","vintage":"","url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","license":"CC BY NC 4.0"}}],"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.; Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Dartmouth Flood Observatory (Global Flood Records) + Global Flood Database. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/."},"download":{"available":true,"channel":"stable","version":"1.1.0","published_at":"2026-10-10T01:45:29.603137Z","current_manifest_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/current.json","version_manifest_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/1.1.0/version.json","artifact_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/1.1.0/pack.zip","filename":"pack.zip","sha256":"9435e439601b7288e5cad98c87a0fcd4458856fac60288149291511ec343fa1e","size_bytes":28325729,"file_count":24,"validation_status":"passed"},"last_updated":"2026-06-08"}],"release_state":"published","access_scope":null,"wip_note":"","catalog_surfaces":["api","explore","mcp","research"],"pack_maintainer_name":"","pack_maintainer_url":"","scopes":["USA","global"],"categories":["disasters","hazard"],"geographic_levels":["2","3","4","5"],"row_count_total":1007370,"file_size_mb_total":11.8,"browser_storage_estimate_mb_total":11.8,"working_set_estimate_mb_total":161.19,"browser_artifact_available":true,"browser_artifact_transfer_mb_total":11.8,"browser_artifact_stored_mb_total":11.8,"browser_artifact_expanded_mb_total":161.19,"size":{"contract_version":1,"transfer_mb":11.8,"browser_storage_estimate_mb":11.8,"working_set_estimate_mb":161.19},"load_policy":{"can_load_all_sources":true,"size_bucket":"medium","reason":"Safe to load the full pack at once.","max_sources":8,"max_file_size_mb":200,"max_row_count":2000000},"download":{"available":true,"channel":"stable","version":"1.1.0","published_at":"2026-10-10T01:45:29.603137Z","current_manifest_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/current.json","version_manifest_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/1.1.0/version.json","artifact_url":"https://downloads.daedalmap.com/downloadable/packs/floods/floods-lite/stable/1.1.0/pack.zip","filename":"pack.zip","sha256":"9435e439601b7288e5cad98c87a0fcd4458856fac60288149291511ec343fa1e","size_bytes":28325729,"file_count":24,"validation_status":"passed"},"default_load":{"kind":"overlay_range_load","overlay_id":"floods","relative_years":10,"params":{"include_geometry":true,"min_severity":2},"summary":"Showing the most severe floods worldwide over the last 10 years -- the largest, most damaging events on record. Each mark is a flood with its area, duration, and people displaced. Ask to include smaller floods, focus a region, or see the deadliest.","question":"Show me the most severe recent flood disasters worldwide from the last 10 years."},"default_question":"Show me the most severe recent flood disasters worldwide from the last 10 years.","default_response":"Showing the most severe floods worldwide over the last 10 years -- the largest, most damaging events on record. Each mark is a flood with its area, duration, and people displaced. Ask to include smaller floods, focus a region, or see the deadliest.","example_questions":["Which countries in Africa had the most flood events in the last 10 years?","Show me flood events in South Asia since 2010"],"permission":"free","license_policy":{"schema_version":"1.2.0","license":"CC0 1.0 (DFO); CC BY NC 4.0 (Global Flood Database)","permission":"free","resolution_status":"resolved","policy_source":"build/catalog/license_permission_crosswalk.csv","reason":"The aggregate contains a CC BY-NC 4.0 upstream and therefore remains free-only and excluded from commercial bulk redistribution unless rebuilt without that material.","redistribution":"restricted","share_alike":"no","attribution_required":true,"attribution_template":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory records are CC0 1.0. Global Flood Database satellite extents are CC BY-NC 4.0.","source_url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","reviewed_on":"2026-09-10","notes":"The CC BY-NC component is the controlling ceiling; DFO provenance remains separately cited in upstream_sources.","reuse_obligations":{"copyleft_scope":null,"required_public_license":null,"source_offer_required":null}},"provenance_fingerprint":"692446db5ab1477c5f1ecc7daa3515887199868b571d516e86d295872ad09368","license_conditions":{"permission":"free","redistribution":"restricted","share_alike":"no"},"attribution_text":"Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0. Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/ Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (U.S. Government work, public domain).","attribution_lines":["Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. CC0 1.0.","Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC BY-NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (U.S. Government work, public domain)."],"citation":{"style":"daedalmap-1","entries":[{"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Floods","vintage":"","url":"https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords","license":"CC0 1.0"}},{"text":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory","title":"Floods","vintage":"","url":"https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/","license":"CC BY NC 4.0"}},{"text":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Floods. Public Domain (U.S. Government). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/.","role":"data","parts":{"role":"data","agency":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","title":"Floods","vintage":"","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","license":"Public Domain (U.S. Government)"}}],"text":"Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC0 1.0. https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/wiki/FloodRecords.; Cloud to Street / Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Floods. CC BY NC 4.0. https://global-flood-database.cloudtostreet.ai/.; NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Floods. Public Domain (U.S. Government). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/."},"last_updated":"2026-08-16"}